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rack: A simple and extensible HTTP server framework for nginx-module-lua

Installation

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CentOS/RHEL 7 or Amazon Linux 2

yum -y install https://extras.getpagespeed.com/release-latest.rpm
yum -y install lua-resty-rack

CentOS/RHEL 8+, Fedora Linux, Amazon Linux 2023

yum -y install https://extras.getpagespeed.com/release-latest.rpm
yum -y install lua5.1-resty-rack

To use this Lua library with NGINX, ensure that nginx-module-lua is installed.

This document describes lua-resty-rack v0.3 released on Jul 12 2012.

A simple and extensible HTTP server framework for OpenResty, providing a clean method for loading Lua HTTP applications ("resty" modules) into Nginx.

Drawing inspiration from Rack and also Connect, lua-resty-rack allows you to load your application as a piece of middleware, alongside other middleware. Your application can either; ignore the current request, modify the request or response in some way and pass on to other middleware, or take responsibiliy for the request by generating a response.

Status

This library is considered experimental and the API may change without notice. Please feel free to offer suggestions or raise issues here on Github.

Using Middleware

To install middleware for a given location, you simply call rack.use(middleware) in the order you wish the modules to run, and then finally call rack.run().

server {
    location / {
        content_by_lua '
            local rack = require "resty.rack"

            rack.use(rack.middleware.method_override)
            rack.use(require "my.module")
            rack.run()
        ';
    }
}

rack.use(...)

Syntax: rack.use(route?, middleware, options?)

If route is supplied, the middleware will only be run for requests where route is in the path (ngx.var.uri). If the middleware requires any options to be selected they can be provided, usually as a table, as the third parameter.

rack.use('/some/path', app, { foo = 'bar' })

For simple cases, the middleware parameter can also be a simple function rather than a Lua module. Your function should accept req, res, and next as parameters. See below for instructions on writing middleware.

rack.use(function(req, res, next)
    res.header["X-Homer"] = "Doh!"
    next()
end)

rack.run()

Syntax: rack.run()

Runs each of the middleware in order, until one chooses to handle the response. Thus, the order in which you call rack.use() is important.

Bundled Middleware

method_override

rack.use(rack.middleware.method_override, { key = "METHOD" })

Override the HTTP method using a querystring value. The default argument name is "_method" but this can be overriden by setting the option "key".

read_request_headers

rack.use(rack.middleware.read_request_headers, { max = 50 })

This is only needed if you wish to iterate over the HTTP request headers. They will be lazy loaded when accessed via req.header.

You may specify a limit to the number of request headers to be read, which defaults to 100. The limit can be removed by specifying a max of 0, but is strongly discouraged.

read_body

rack.use(rack.middleware.read_body)

Explicitly reads the request body (raw).

Creating Middleware

Middleware applications are simply Lua modules which use the HTTP request and response as a minimal interface. They must implement the function call(options) which returns a function. The parameters (req, res, next) are defined below.

module("resty.rack.method_override", package.seeall)

_VERSION = '0.01'

function call(options)
    return function(req, res, next)
        local key = options['key'] or '_method'
        req.method = string.upper(req.args[key] or req.method)
        next()
    end
end

API

req.method

The HTTP method, e.g. GET, set from ngx.var.request_method.

req.scheme

The protocol scheme http|https, set from ngx.var.scheme.

req.uri

e.g. /my/uri, set from ngx.var.uri.

req.host

The hostname, e.g. example.com, set from ngx.var.host.

req.query

The querystring, e.g. var1=1&var2=2, set from ngx.var.query_string.

req.args

The query args, as a table, set from ngx.req.get_uri_args().

req.header

A table containing the request headers. Keys are matched case insensitvely, and optionally with underscores instead of hyphens. e.g.

req.header["X-Foo"] = "bar"
res.body = req.header.x_foo
    --> "bar"

HTTP Request headers are read on demand and so cannot be iterated over unless the read_request_headers middleware is in use).

req.body

An empty string until read with the read_body middleware.

res.status

The HTTP status code to return. There are constants defined for common statuses.

res.header

A table of response headers, which can be matched case insensitively and optionally with underscores instead of hyphens (see req.header above).

res.body

The response body.

next

This parameter is a function provided to the middleware, which may be called to indicate rack should try the next middleware. If your application does not intend to send the response to the browser, it must call this function. If however your application is taking responsibility for the response, simply return without calling next.

Example purely modifying the request. 

function call(options)
    return function(req, res, next)
        local key = options['key'] or '_method'
        req.method = string.upper(req.args[key] or req.method)
        next()
    end
end

Example generating a response. 

function call(options)
    return function(req, res)
        res.status = 200
        res.header['Content-Type'] = "text/plain"
        res.body = "Hello World"
    end
end

Enhancing req / res

Your application can add new fields or even functions to the req / res tables where appropriate, which could be used by other middleware so long as the dependencies are clear (and one calls use() in the correct order).

Licence

This module is licensed under the 2-clause BSD license.

Copyright (c) 2012, James Hurst james@pintsized.co.uk

All rights reserved.

Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:

  • Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.

  • Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.

THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

GitHub

You may find additional configuration tips and documentation for this module in the GitHub repository for nginx-module-rack.